Which of the following is NOT listed as a technology that aids detection of deviance in sport?

• A. Video analysis.
• B. Biometric data.
• C. Data-sharing platforms.
• D. Social media analytics.

Answer: (D)

Detecting deviance in sport relies on concrete, verifiable data that can show rule violations or irregular performance. Video analysis is used to review actions and determine fouls, illegal techniques, or suspicious patterns. Biometric data helps identify unusual physiological signs that might indicate doping or manipulation when compared to expected baselines. Data-sharing platforms allow different organizations—teams, leagues, and anti-doping agencies—to pool test results and corroborate findings, increasing the ability to detect coordinated or systemic infractions. Social media analytics, while valuable for tracking public sentiment or reputational issues, doesn’t provide direct measures of rule compliance or illicit activity, so it isn’t a standard tool for detecting deviance in sport.