Which of the following is a typical formal sanction in sport for deviance?

• A. Public recognition of achievements.
• B. Salary increase.
• C. Suspension from competition.
• D. Increased media access.

Answer: (C)

Formal sanctions are penalties imposed by an authority to punish rule-breaking and deter future deviance in sport. Suspension from competition is a typical example because it directly restricts the athlete’s ability to participate for a period, signaling that the misbehavior has consequences and maintaining the integrity of the sport. It’s administered by a governing body and has clear, enforceable impact on eligibility, which is the essence of a formal sanction. The other options—public recognition of achievements, salary increases, and increased media access—are rewards or privileges given for positive performance or status, not penalties for deviance, so they don’t function as sanctions for misconduct.