Which ethical frameworks are used to evaluate deviance in sport?

• A. Utilitarianism only.
• B. Deontology only.
• C. Utilitarianism (outcomes), deontology (duty/rules), and virtue ethics (character and integrity).
• D. Virtue ethics only.

Answer: (C)

Deviance in sport is evaluated through multiple ethical lenses because actions have consequences, must respect rules, and reveal a person’s character. Utilitarianism looks at outcomes—does a action produce the greatest overall good or the least harm for players, fans, teams, and the sport as a whole? Deontology emphasizes duties and rules—fair play, honesty, and the obligation to follow the sport’s established standards regardless of the consequences. Virtue ethics focuses on the character of the athlete—whether the action reflects integrity, courage, fairness, and respect. In sport, you often need all three perspectives to get a complete judgment: outcomes matter, rules matter, and character matters. Relying on just one framework would overlook important factors; combining them gives a fuller understanding of what counts as deviant and why.