What theory explains how athletes may turn to deviance due to unattainable success goals and blocked legitimate means?

• A. Strain Theory (Merton) explains deviance as adaptation to blocked legitimate means, leading to innovation such as doping or cheating.
• B. Differential Association
• C. Labeling Theory
• D. Routine Activity Theory

Answer: (A)

The concept shows how pressure to succeed, combined with blocked legitimate paths to achieve that success, can push athletes toward deviant behavior. Strain Theory explains that when culturally valued goals (like winning, fame, and rewards) are paired with limited or blocked means to attain them (poor access to training, resources, fair opportunities), the resulting strain leads individuals to adapt in ways that still aim for success but use illegitimate methods. In sport this shows up as innovations such as doping or cheating—holding onto the goal of high achievement while turning to illegal or unethical means to reach it.

Differential Association would focus on learning deviant behavior from others, not on blocked opportunities and goal pressure. Labeling Theory centers on how being labeled as deviant affects a person’s self-concept and actions, not the motivation to attain goals. Routine Activity Theory looks at the presence of opportunities for crime (a motivated offender, a suitable target, and lack of guardianship) rather than the blocked-path motivation behind deviance.