What is a broader takeaway from major doping scandals about sport's credibility?

• A. They have no effect
• B. They increase doping rates automatically
• C. They improve fan engagement
• D. They cause broader trust crises in sport and prompt governance reforms

Answer: (D)

Doping scandals reveal that sport’s credibility hinges on trust in fair competition, and when those cases come to light, that trust is undermined. This erosion of confidence among fans, sponsors, and athletes motivates broad governance reforms and stronger anti-doping measures to restore integrity and accountability. The idea that scandals have no effect, or that they automatically boost doping rates or fan engagement, misses the fundamental outcome: they expose systemic weaknesses and trigger changes designed to reinforce fair play.