In labeling theory, what is the role of others' reactions?

• A. Deviance is determined by the individual's own view.
• B. Deviance is defined by others' reactions and social labeling.
• C. Labels have no effect on future behavior.
• D. Labeling always prevents future deviance.

Answer: (B)

In labeling theory, others’ reactions shape what counts as deviance and influence what happens next. Deviance isn’t just the act itself; it’s how society responds to that act. When people label someone as deviant, stigmatize them, or apply formal sanctions, that label can stick to the person’s identity. The individual may start to see themselves through that label, withdraw from conventional roles, and seek out others who share the label, which can lead to more deviant behavior—what sociologists call secondary deviance. The distinction between the initial act and the subsequent social reaction is crucial here: a non-deviant act can become deviant in the eyes of others if a label is attached, and that labeling process can shape future choices and opportunities.

This view contrasts with the idea that deviance is purely a matter of personal perception, that labels never affect behavior, or that labeling always stops deviance. Instead, social reactions and labeling play a pivotal role in defining deviance and can help sustain or intensify it, not necessarily prevent it.