Identify the pairing that represents two common typologies of deviance in sport.

• A. Doping and cheating.
• B. Violence and corruption.
• C. Gambling and match-fixing.
• D. Doping and violence/rough play.

Answer: (D)

Deviance in sport can be grouped into two broad patterns: illicit enhancement and aggressive or violent conduct. Doping represents illicit enhancement—using prohibited substances to gain an unfair performance edge. Violence or rough play, on the other hand, reflects aggressive or violent deviance that violates safety and fair-play norms in many sports. Seeing these as two distinct typologies helps explain different motives and consequences: one centers on rule-breaking for performance gain, the other on unacceptable, risky behavior during competition. The other pairs tend to mix related issues (like cheating and doping) or tie together integrity violations that fit more into one overarching category, rather than showing two separate forms of deviance.